There are three basic steps to a complete urinalysis:

1. Physical color and appearance:

* What does the urine look like to the naked eye?
* Is it clear or cloudy?
* Is it pale or dark yellow or another color?



2. Microscopic appearance:

* The urine sample is examined under a microscope. This is done to look at cells, urine crystals, mucus, and other substances, and to identify any bacteria or other microorganisms that might be present.



3. Chemical appearance:

* A special stick ("dipstick") tests for various substances in the urine. The stick contains little pads of chemicals that change color when they come in contact with the substances of interest.


Usually, glucose, ketones, protein, bilirubin, are not detectable in urine. The following are not normally found in urine:

* Hemoglobin
* Nitrites
* Red blood cells
* White blood cells

Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.