Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are both present in a condition termed "chronic obstructive lung disease" (HOLD). This condition is a chronic and progressive disease which leads to respiratory and heart failure. Pulmonary functional tests (FEV, FEF, and PEF) and analyses of gases in the blood (O2 and CO2) are used to evaluate the level of the disease. Therapy and treatment are usually goven via pharmaceuticals (beta2-agonists, anti-cholinergic, teophellinum, corticosteroids). Oxygen, expectorants, physical therapy, and antibiotics are also used to treat chronic obstructuve lung disease. Lung transplantation may be considered in cases of massively destructive emphysema and severe chronic respiratory failure.