If your doctor had not removed all of the pregnancy, you would have had a fever and signs of an infection...
Sometimes there is placenta tissue and blood clots that could be left behind, which are not dangerous.
It would not look like a tadpole or be pink, a fetus would be gray in color, and surrounded by a sac.. If the doc got the sac, then he would have got the fetus too.
Chances are that it is just tissue from the uterus, because many women report the exact thing you are.