Count day 1 as the first that you bleed (not the first of the month but first day of bleeding).
If you have a standard 28 day cycle you will usually ovulate around day14 (note this is not the 14th of the month but day 14 from when you start bleeding).
Ok now lets remember sperm can live for about 5 days inside you and once you ovulate the egg is viable (good) for about 36 hours.
So 14 minus 5 days (for sperm life) = 9
and 14 add 2 days (for egg viability) = 16
days 9 - 16 are your "high" fertility days. However, this method is better for getting pregnant and not for avoiding it as you can't be 100% sure when you ovulate. Using such an approximation you must assume that you are likely to become pregnant and also remember you are not protected against disease.
Some women have unusual cycles and ovulate during their period.
Usually ovulation happens 14 days before bleeding begins so if you have say a 35 day cycle ovulation would typically be around day 21
21 minus 5 days = 16
21 add 2 days - 23 so days 16-23 are your high fertility.