Some people with schizophrenia have major changes in their thinking and behaviour which can last for a long time, while other people may have fewer changes for a shorter time. Between the episodes of disordered thinking the person will have normal times.
The main symptoms of schizophrenia include:
* Thought disorder: Thoughts and speech can be very jumbled, jumping from one topic to another without any obvious link. It can be very difficult to talk with a person who has schizophrenia.
* Delusions: These are false beliefs of being persecuted, or of guilt, or of being very powerful. Some people may think they are being controlled by others, or that they have special powers. Some feel so afraid of others that they withdraw or hide to keep themselves feeling safe.
* Hallucinations: This most commonly involves hearing voices which the person thinks are criticising them or telling them what to do. Some people have hallucinations affecting what they see or feel or smell. To the person having the hallucination, these seem real.
While the person has these changed thought patterns, their illness can be called an 'acute psychosis'. Treatment with medication will usually reduce these psychotic symptoms.
Other symptoms of schizophrenia include:
* Loss of drive: The person doesn't feel able to do the normal tasks of living, including washing, cooking, or changing clothes. This is because of the illness, not because the person is lazy.
* Changes in the way they show emotions: They may not show happiness or sadness when it seems those feelings fit a situation.
* Social withdrawal: This may be due to fear that someone will harm them, or fear that they will not be able to interact well with others because they have lost social skills.
* Lack of insight: Because delusions and hallucinations seem so real, people with schizophrenia can be unaware that they are ill. This, plus the side effects of medication may mean they refuse to take medication.
* Thinking difficulties: Their concentration, memory, ability to plan and organise may be affected, making it harder to work things out, communicate and complete tasks.