cwillis,
Occassionally neck problems, which press on nerves going to the hand can cause numbness/tingling and pain in the thumb and index finger (that would be the C6 level). Carpal tunnel syndrome also causes these same symptoms. However, it is bothersome, when you say that your hands turn white, split open, and don't heal well. That leads more to a vascular problem. Loss of blood supply to a body part can cause all the symptoms you describe.
I know you don't have insurance, but, there is one thing you can do. If you smoke, you need to stop. Also, especially if you have nonhealing wounds, you could end up losing fingers or even a hand to amputation.
Check with your local board of health to see if you qualify for government aid. If you have a medical school close by, they often take care of patients without any money up front. Just don't let this get too far out of hand. It could have significant ramifications down the road.
Good luck.