My fiance has just been diagnosed with Bipolar. He is very keen to take the medication (at the moment), but I can completely sympathise with your heartache regarding the arguments you have been having with your partner.
The only comforting thing that has helped me is gathering information on the disease. It helps to differentiate between your partner and the mania/depression. Obviously, no matter what your mental state, if you feel he is being unreasonable and becoming angry out of the blue, then chances are, it is the illness, NOT you. I have an anxiety disorder, which has become heightened since moving in with my partner. When he is 'in a rage', he tells me that I have 'severe psychological issues'. I have pleaded and sobbed for hours for some kind of sympathy when he lashes out with verbal abuse, only to be met with further cruelty. After the diagnose, no knowing that I was not engaged to a heartless, sadistic person, and that it was the illness talking, has saved our relationship.
Now, on the subject of your partner not taking medication, the only way life will ever be normal (much less happy) is if he accepts his condition and manages his own treatment. I am not an expert on that, but maybe if he was to agree to treatment that was not medication (i.e therapy, etc), it may be a start in him actually accepting that his illness is severely damaging both of your lives. In regards to having children in this situation, I also have a child to a previous relationship, and I am sure that we have both felt the same guilt about exposing our children to someone who can sometimes be so erratic. I personally do not think children should be exposed to someone with bipolar who is not seeking treatment.
Good luck, I can definitely sympathise with the desperation and loneliness you feel.